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| Bulgaria Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see veliko turnovo veliko turnovo urony Bulgaria (population: 8 000 000) has changed a lot during the last 20 years. From being a communist ruled state on the other side of the Iron Curtain it has changed into a country with some progress towards free market reforms and own tourist industry. The Bulgarian nation has come a long way since it threw off the 500-year old yoke of the Ottoman Empire in the 1870's, and is now still struggling to cope with the aftermath of Communist misrule. Renaming themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the Communist long remained the dominant force in national politics after 1989. The election of a right-of-centre government in April 1997 gave ground for new hope, although low wages and high unemployment seem to remain ever-present features of Bulgarian life. Bulgaria has a large number of travel destinations, but independent travel is not really common, although there are relatively few restrictions and costs are very low. The country offers a beautiful mountainous scenery as well as sandy beaches on the Black Sea coast. You will find ski resorts, deep forests, ancient monasteries, greek and roman remains and the fascinating capital Sofia is a must for Bulgaria travelers. Veliko turnovo, the ancient capital, is a young and vibrant city that deserves a visit as well, Vratza city too. Vratza is one of the most picturesque cities in Bulgaria, and important tourist and cultural center. The main cities in Bulgaria are: Sofia (1 200 000 inhabitants) Plovdiv (340 000 inhabitants) Varna (314 000 inhabitants) Burgas (200 000 inhabitants) Stara Zagora (185 000 inhabitans) Rousse (150 000 inhabitants) Pleven (120 000 inhabitants) Vratza (80 000 inhabitans) Yambol (90 000 inhabitans) Intresting places to visit include Melnik (charming little town with excellent wine) and Rojen monastery (enjoying a great view of the mountains) , Sandanski (excellent familydestination) and Rupite (Baba Vanga´s grave), Belogradchik, Sozopol, Veliko Turnovo. Part or or all of this text stems from the original article at: Past version of this page _____________Sights Edit This The Madara rider relief, sitting low on the Madara cliffs The Madara rider relief, sitting low on the Madara cliffs Brad Zarikoff The Madara cliffs near Shumen are a majestic sight on a bright day. The reasons to visit the cliffs are three-fold. On the top of the 100m cliffs sit the ancient ruins of some Thracian settlement. On the face of the cliff sits the thousand year old rock carving of the Madara Rider, classifying the site as UNESCO heritage. And for the hiker, trails snake up the face of the cliff, with some questionable safety rails in place to give the visitor some piece of mind. The views are worth the shortness of breath. _________History Edit This The history of the land now known as Bulgaria has been determined by its location between Asia and Europe by its proximity to powerful states competing for land and influence at the junction of trade routes and strategic military positions and by the strong national territorial drive of various Bulgarian states. Before the Christian era Greece and Rome conquered the region and left substantial imprints on the culture of the people they found there. The Bulgar tribes who arrived in the seventh century from west of the Urals have occupied the region continuously for thirteen centuries. Over time Bulgarian culture merged with that of the more numerous Slavs who had preceded the Bulgars by one century. After converting to Christianity and adopting a Slavic language in the ninth century the Bulgarians consolidated a distinct Slavic culture that subsequently passed through periods of both expansionist independence and subordination to outside political systems. From the ninth until the fourteenth century Bulgaria was a dominant force in the Balkans because of its aggressive military tradition and strong sense of national identity. The chief rival and neighbor the Byzantine Empire left a lasting political imprint on two Bulgarian empires as it competed with them for regional domination. Marking the deterioration of both the Byzantine and the Bulgarian political structures the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 began four centuries of Turkish suppression of Bulgarian cultural and political institutions. By the eighteenth century however weakening Ottoman control allowed a Bulgarian cultural revival. In the next century Western political ideas gradually combined with the reborn Bulgarian national consciousness to form an independence movement. The movement was complicated by internal disagreement on aims and methods the increasing weakness of the Ottoman foothold in Europe and the conflicting attitudes of the major European powers toward Bulgaria. Russia gained distinction as Bulgaria's protector by driving out the Turks in 1877 but France and Britain curbed Russian power in the Balkans by forcing establishment of a limited autonomous Bulgarian state under Turkish rule. The instrument of that limitation the Treaty of Berlin revived longstanding Bulgarian territorial frustrations by placing the critical regions of Macedonia and Thrace beyond Bulgarian control. Both of those disputed regions had substantial Bulgarian populations. During the next sixty years Bulgaria would fight unsuccessfully in four wars in a variety of alliances to redress the grievance. None of the four wars brought substantial new territory to Bulgaria. Beginning in 1878 Bulgaria was nominally ruled by members of West European royal houses under a parliamentary form of government. Prime Minister Stefan Stambolov unified the country during its first decade but extremist political parties exerted substantial influence from the beginning. Between 1878 and the declaration of full independence in 1908 Bulgaria passed through a period of peaceful modernization with expansion in industry science education and the arts. Modernization and industrialization sowed the seeds of class conflict however nurturing strong socialist and agrarian opposition parties in the decades that followed independence. The period between 1912 and 1944 was full of irredentist wars and internal political turmoil. By 1900 Serbia and Greece were the major territorial rivals but a World War I alliance with Germany gained Bulgaria little advantage over them. After the war the agrarian reform government of Aleksandur Stamboliiski had failed to unite the country by 1923. The series of unstable factions and forms of government that followed Stamboliiski was broken only by Bulgaria's participation as an Axis ally in World War II. Again no territory was gained but World War II brought Soviet occupation the end of the monarchy and forty-one years of unbroken communist rule beginning in 1946. During that entire period Bulgaria was the closest East European imitator of Soviet internal and foreign policy. The years 1944 through 1989 were a time of collectivization heavy industrialization drastic restriction of human rights and close adherence to Soviet Cold-War policy. Contributors April 29, 2005 change by giorgio _________Practical Information Edit This Climate: The Balkan range mountain devide B. on two climatic zones N.Bulgaria has continental climat - hot summers 23c in avarage, cold winter(-1.5 c); Heavy rainfalls during the early summer, annual rainfalls - 600 mm/year S. Bulgaria - mediterranean influenced - summer average temperatures - 24 - 25 c; in winter, snow cover possible for a few days - average temperature +2, +4c; the seaside lush meditteranean climate; Contributors May 10, 2007 change by giorgio Currency The local currency is the Bulgarian Lev (BGN) ___________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: One of the poorest countries of central Europe Bulgaria has slowly been moving from its old command economy towards a market-oriented economy. The economy faced a major crisis in 1996 marked by a banking system in turmoil a depreciating currency and contracting production and foreign trade. Foreign exchange reserves dwindled to $518 million while dramatically hiked interest rates added to the domestic debt burden and stifled growth. GDP fell by 11% in 1996 after experiencing 2.0% growth in 1995. Privatization of state-owned industries stagnated although the first auction of a mass privatization program was undertaken in late 1996. Lagging progress on structural reforms led to postponement of IMF disbursements under a $580 million standby loan agreed to in July 1996. In November 1996 the IMF proposed a currency board as Bulgaria's best chance to restore confidence in the lev eliminate unnecessary spending and avoid hyperinflation. The board was set up on 1 July 1997. Its establishment was followed by a reduction in inflation and interest rates and by a rise in foreign investment. Simultaneously the government pledged to sell off some of the most attractive state assets. GDP in 1997 dropped 7.4% but is expected to rebound to an estimated 2% in 1998. Other government objectives include: the completion of land reform the privatization and strengthening of the banking system and the modernization of the legal environment of business. GDP: purchasing power parity—$57.13 billion (2004 est.) GDP—real growth rate: 4.3% (2004 est.) GDP—per capita: purchasing power parity—$7,600 (2004 est.) GDP—composition by sector: agriculture: 11.4% industry: 30% services: 58.6% (1997 est.) Inflation rate—consumer price index: 3% (2004 est.) Labor force: total: 3.33 million (2004 est.) by occupation: industry 31% agriculture 26% other 43% (1998) Unemployment rate: 14.3% (2004 est.) Budget: revenues: $8.121 expenditures: $8.121 including capital expenditures of $NA (2004 est.) Industries: electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel Industrial production growth rate: 6.3% 2004 est.) Electricity—capacity: 12.087 million kW (1995) Electricity—production: 41.38 billion kWh (1995) Electricity—consumption : 32.52 billion kWh (2001) Agriculture—products: vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets, livestock Exports: total value: $7.337 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) commodities: machinery and equipment 15.2%; agriculture and food 18.9%; textiles and apparel 14.8%; metals minerals and fuels 26.5%; chemicals and plastics 20%; other 4.6% (1996) partners: Italy 14.1%, Germany 10.9%, Greece 10.5%, Turkey 9.2%, France 5.1%, US 4.5% (2003) Imports: total value: $9.723 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) commodities: fuels minerals and raw materials 40.7%; machinery and equipment 18.4%; textiles and apparel 11.6%; agricultural products 7.5%; metals and ores 5.2%; chemicals and plastics 12.2%; other 4.4% (1996) partners: Germany 14.4%, Russia 12.6%, Italy 10.3%, Greece 6.7%, Turkey 6.2%, France 5.7% (2003) Debt—external: $12.05 billion (2004 est.) Economic aid - recipient: $300 million (2000 est.) Currency: 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki Exchange rates: leva per US dollar - 1.5123 (2005), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000), 1.8364 (1999) note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July 1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev Fiscal year: calendar year |
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