|
|||||||
|
|
|
| Link Sponsorizzati |
| Easyvacanze | ||
| Guida Viaggi | ||
| Itinerari |
| Asia | ||
| Travel Picture News |
| Link Sponsorizzati |
|
http://www.imondonauti.it/asia/guida_mongolia.htm Mongolia (2 voti) Autori: Graziella Lunetta Foto: Graziella Lunetta, Cristiano Lissoni Aggiornamenti di: Graziella Lunetta, Cristiano Lissoni, Fabio Bertasi ultimo aggiornamento: 4/12/2009 “Chi beve l'acqua di una terra straniera deve seguirne usi e costumi" (detto mongolo) “Oceano di steppe desolate e deserti di venti, Foreste secolari e alte montagne innevate, La Mongolia si offre incontaminata all’occhio del viaggiatore Su questa terra di orizzonti senza confini, Il vento delle pianure si mescola col blu del cielo Per creare delle pitture impressionistiche Fuggitivo come la luce è il passaggio del cavaliere sulla pista, Effimera è la stabilità della yurta nel cuore della collina La Mongolia si merita... e lascia scoprire il suo splendore... Piano piano...passo dopo passo Secondo gli incontri e i capricci del suo clima” Questa poesia del grande poeta mongolo D. Natsagdorj traduce la straordinaria bellezza dei paesaggi della Mongolia, l’immensità delle sue steppe dove liberi corrono ancora allo stato semi brado la più bella conquista dell’uomo e senza i quali un mongolo non sarebbe un mongolo: i cavalli. Percorrere queste terre ancora vergini, dove la mano dell’uomo non ha lasciato ancora la sua impronta , dove nessun steccato impedisce lo sguardo, rimane la più intensa delle avventure di oggigiorno. Notizie pratiche su cosa vedere: Itinerari consigliati e raccontati Ancora non ci sono itinerari associati a questa guida. racconta il tuo itinerario in questo Paese Burocrazia e sanità in breve Visto Turistico Necessario Passaporto Necessario, con validità di almeno 6 mesi dalla data di entrata Vaccino Febbre Gialla Non necessaria Profilassi Antimalarica Non necessaria Vaccino Epatite A Consigliato Vaccino Epatite B Consigliato Vaccino Antitifico Consigliato Burocrazia e visti Le contorsioniste di Ulaanbaatar Per entrare in Mongolia è necessario il passaporto valido per almeno sei mesi dalla data di entrata. Il visto è obbligatorio, è valido un mese e si ottiene in pochi giorni richiedendolo ad uno dei Consolati onorari della Mongolia in Italia (Torino o Trieste). Il visto ha una durata di 30 gg. e viene rilasciato in circa 3 gg. lavorativi al costo di 55 euro, in 1 giorno (urgente) al costo di 80 euro. Le formalità tuttavia cambiano rapidamente per cui si prega d'informarsi presso le autorità competenti: www.consolatomongolia.com/index.html In caso di reale necessità e in via del tutto eccezionale, il visto può essere ottenuto direttamente all'aeroporto di Ulaan Baatar o nelle stazioni ferroviarie al confine con Russia e Cina pagando 50 USD. Se non vi siete fatti il visto in Italia potete farlo a Pechino (5 giorni per ottenerlo) o, più velocemente, a Mosca (in poche ore al costo di 55 USD). Per un soggiorno superiore a un mese è necessario una lettera di invito (contattare in inglese: mejet69@yahoo.com) e comunque, qualora la permanenza in Mongolia superi i 7 gg., è necessario registrarsi (pagando circa 12 USD) presso l'Immigration, Naturalization and Foreign Citizens Agency (in mongolo questo Ufficio e' chiamato EBMONT, Erigni Burtghel Medelin Tuv) ubicato al secondo piano del Dipartimento di Polizia di Zuun Ail in Ulaan Baatar. Al momento della partenza tale registrazione dovrà essere cancellata presso lo stesso Ufficio. I viaggiatori che si trovano fuori della capitale debbono registrarsi presso gli uffici di Polizia locali. L'inosservanza di detti obblighi comporta multe che variano da 100 a 300 USD. Si fa presente che i visitatori che rimangono in Mongolia oltre il periodo previsto dal visto possono essere fermati alla frontiera, con diniego di uscire dal Paese e assoggettati a multe. Vi è la possibilità di prolungare il visto sul posto (solo una volta per 30 gg. e solo ad Ulaan Bator): è necessario andare alla Polizia con tre foto d'identità per scrivere una lettera di motivazione (4 gg. lavorativi per avere l'autorizzazione, se urgente: la tassa sarà di 12000 T al posto di 5000 T oltre al prezzo di 2 USD per ogni giorni in più richiesto; 7gg.= 15 USD + la tassa, 30 gg.= 61 USD + la tassa) è la migliore soluzione); rilasciata l'autorizzazione, con altre foto e denaro in contanti andare all'Ambasciata e avere molta pazienza, soprattutto in estate! Importante: quando fate la domande per estendere il visto, l'organizzatore mongolo che vi aiuta a prolungare il visto è considerato responsabile perché avrete scritto il suo indirizzo nel formulario. Se vi chiede di contattarlo durante il vostro soggiorno fatelo! Non è per sorvegliarvi ma per sapere se tutto va bene: in tal modo eviterete che la Polizia si lanci alla vostra ricerca. Ricordatevi di comunicare loro la vostra partenza dalla Mongolia soprattutto se non dovete più usare dei loro servizi. Questo vale sia per le agenzie, guest house e le persone mongole che vi aiutano. I punti doganali, così come gli uffici della Polizia dai quali si va per il rilascio di certi permessi, sono spesso chiusi durante il fine settimane e durante il Nadam (a volte, per il nadam, gli uffici e le dogane terrestri possono rimanere chiusi per 5 gg. consecutivi). Per chi arriva in treno o aereo il problema della dogana non si pone, solo chi pensa di varcare il confine con i propri mezzi (piedi, cavallo, bicicletta, auto, camion) è bene faccia un controllo preventivo delle date di transito. Per recarsi presso la popolazione tsatan viene richiesto un permesso speciale rilasciato solo ad Ulaan Baator nel quale dovrenno essere scritti i vostri nomi e relativi numeri di passaporto, il nome dell'autista e il numero di targa dell'auto con la quale viaggerete. Contattate con largo anticipo (20-30 gg.) il vostro referente locale che potrà richiedere il permesso per voi (il costo del permesso è di pochi euro). Il permesso dovrà essere vistato all'andata e al ritorno sia a Moron che a Tsaganur Nur Stessa procedura se intendete visitare zone molto vicine ai confini di Stato. Vaccinazioni Nessuna vaccinazione è obbligatoria per il turista italiano che si rechi in Mongolia. Restano consigliate la vaccinazione antitifica e le vaccinazioni contro l'epatite A e l'epatite B (per soggiorni superiori ai 6 mesi; 5-20% di portatori del virus HBV). Casi di colera e di tifo durante il periodo estivo. Ora I turisti italiani devono mettere avanti l'orologio di 7 ore al momento del loro arrivo in Mongolia (quando in Italia sono le 12 in Mongolia sono le 19 ), di 6 ore nelle province occidentali di Bayan-Olgii, Uvs e Khovd. 1 ora in meno quando in Italia è in vigore l'ora legale. Quando andare Il periodo migliore per un
viaggio in Mongolia va da maggio a inizio ottobre mentre giugno-agosto è il
periodo più caldo. A giugno vi sono ancora pochi turisti e i prezzi dei voli
sono migliori. |
| Thanks to
http://www.world66.com/ *********************The content is published under a creative commons licence : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/1.0 / ). |
| Mongolia Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Looking north towards Siberia from the Anak Ranch Looking north towards Siberia from the Anak Ranch Radigan Neuhalfen A vast country spanning the steppe and deserts of Northeast Asia, Mongolia has maintained much of its centuries-old nomadic tradition. Although low on distinctive, historical "sights," it is of significant interest to those seeking a unique culture, rough scenery and wildlife. Horse treks through the country with camping in the traditional gers are a perfect way of discovering the traditional Mongol way of life. Mongolia has a unique and durable traditional culture, centered around the herding lifestyle. Herders remain semi-nomadic, moving their animals with the seasons as they have for centuries. Half of Mongolia's population is rural, and tending to livestock remains the backbone of the Mongolian economy. |
| Despite the popular image of Mongolians as nomadic herders, it is an increasingly urbanized country. Over a third of Mongolians live in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. Other major urban centers are Darkhan and Erdenet. In these cities, especially Ulaanbaatar, there are still a number of Buddhist sites, testament to the once profoundly Tibetan-Buddhist character of the culture before Communism. |
| Traditionally, Buddhist monasteries were centers both of learning and of
power in Mongolia. In the 1930s, this power became the focus of a ruthless
series of purges that reached a climax in 1937. Most of the country's
monasteries were destroyed, and as many as 17,000 monks were killed. Today
only a few original monasteries remain, but others are being slowly
reconstructed and restored. With many temples becoming increasingly crowded
with worshippers, Mongolia is once again embracing its Buddhist heritage.
The Dalai Lama is an enormously popular figure and has visited the country
several times. Most visitors to the country spend their time in the central areas close to the capital. Terelj, within easy reach of Ulaanbaatar, is one of the most active centers of tourism, with opportunities for hiking, rafting, horseback riding and rock climbing. Kharkhorin (Karakorum), the former capital of the Mongol Empire, is home to the country's most important monastery and serves as a convenient base for visiting other nearby attractions. The northern Khovsgol region, with its beautiful alpine lake, is a popular area for tourists, and the vast Gobi region has also become a common addition to a touring itinerary. For travelers wishing to get off the beaten track, eastern Mongolia remains mostly unexplored and the far west offers remote lakes, snow-capped mountains and the unique culture of the resident Muslim Kazakhs. Since ancient times, the Soyombo ideogram has been the national emblem of freedom and independence of the Mongolians. At the top of the ideogram is a flame, which symbolizes blossoming, revival, upgrading and continuation of the family. The three prongs of the flame signify the prosperity of the people in the past, the present and the future. Below the sign of the flame there are the sun and the crescent, traditionally symbolizing the origin of the Mongolian people. The combination of the flame, the sun and the crescent expresses the wish: May the Mongolian people live and prosper. The triangles at the top and bottom of the Soyombo are a general expression of the people's willingness to defend the freedom and independence of the country, while the rectangles are the symbols of honesty, justice and nobility. The fish, in Mongolian folklore, is a creature that never closes its eyes, i.e. remains vigilant. The two fish in the emblem symbolize the unity of the people: men and women. The cumulative meaning is: May the whole people be united, wise and vigilant. The two vertical rectangles on the sides of the emblem signify fortress walls and are a graphic representation of the ancient Mongolian saying: 'Two men in friendship are stronger than walls of stone". In the Soyombo they have the meaning: "May the whole people be unified in friendship, and then it will be stronger than the stone walls of a fortress". Useful Links: http://www.welcome2mongolia.com ___________Sights Edit This Erdene Zuu tempel Erdene Zuu tempel Knibbe There will be a total eclipse of the sun on August 1, 2008. The path of totality will pass over Greenland, Russia (the Urals), Mongolia, and China. To view an eclipse, the sky must be clear, and the best conditions for this Eclipse may be in Westen Mongolia. There will be about 2 minutes of totality. [Add Sight] Erdene Zuu tempel Edit This Erdene Zuu tempel Erdene Zuu tempel photo by: Knibbe Beautifull old temple complex, which is partially destroyed by the communist. type: Churches and Cathedrals World66 rating: [rate it] url: www.erdenezuu.mn address: Uvurkhangai Kharkhorin _________-History Edit This In 1203 AD a single Mongolian state was formed based on nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Genghis Khan. He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and European Russia and sent armies as far as Central Europe and Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan who conquered China and established the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368 AD) gained fame in Europe through the writings of Marco Polo. Although Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political power over their conquered territories their strength declined rapidly after the Mongol dynasty in China was overthrown in 1368. The Manchus a tribal group which conquered China in 1644 and formed the Qing dynasty were able to bring Mongolia under Manchu control in 1691 as Outer Mongolia when the Khalkha Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor. The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed considerable autonomy under the Manchus and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia following the establishment of the republic have rested on this oath. In 1727 Russia and Manchu China concluded the Treaty of Khiakta delimiting the border between China and Mongolia that exists in large part today. Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province (1691-1911) an autonomous state under Russian protection (1912-19) and again a Chinese province (1919- 21). As Manchu authority in China waned and as Russia and Japan confronted each other Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Chinese rule in 1911 shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against the Manchus. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915 the Russian Government forced the new Chinese Republican Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese control presumably to discourage other foreign powers from approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that might seek support from as many foreign sources as possible. The Russian revolution and civil war afforded Chinese warlords an opportunity to re-establish their rule in Outer Mongolia and Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Following Soviet military victories over White Russian forces in the early 1920s and the occupation of the Mongolian capital Urga in July 1921 Moscow again became the major outside influence on Mongolia. The Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 25 1924. Between 1925 and 1928 power under the communist regime was consolidated by the Mongolian Peoples Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The MPRP left gradually undermined rightist elements seizing control of the party and the government. Several factors characterized the country during this period--the society was basically nomadic and illiterate; there was no industrial proletariat; the aristocracy and the religious establishment shared the country's wealth; there was widespread popular obedience to traditional authorities; the party lacked grassroots support; and the government had little organization or experience. In an effort at swift socioeconomic reform the leftist government applied extreme measures which attacked the two most dominant institutions in the country--the aristocracy and the religious establishment. Between 1932 and 1945 their excess zeal intolerance and inexperience led to anti-communist uprisings. In the late 1930's purges directed at the religious institution resulted in the desecration of hundreds of Buddhist institutions and imprisonment of more than 10 000 people. During World War II because of a growing Japanese threat over the Mongolian-Manchurian border the Soviet Union reversed the course of Mongolian socialism in favor of a new policy of economic gradualism and buildup of the national defense. The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939 and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year. Following the war the Soviet Union reasserted its influence in Mongolia. Secure in its relations with Moscow the Mongolian Government shifted to postwar development focusing on civilian enterprise. International ties were expanded and Mongolia established relations with North Korea and the new communist governments in Eastern Europe. It also increased its participation in communist-sponsored conferences and international organizations. Mongolia became a member of the United Nations in 1961. In the early 1960s Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet polemics; this orientation changed in the middle of the decade. Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced large-scale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier. During the period of Sino-Soviet tensions relations between Mongolia and China deteriorated. In 1983 Mongolia systematically began expelling some of the 7 000 ethnic Chinese in Mongolia to China. Many of them had lived in Mongolia since the 1950s when they were sent there to assist in construction projects. _________Getting Around Edit This i A vast sparsely populated country with little infrastructure Mongolia relies heavily on air transport. There are over 80 airports few of which have paved runways. MIAT the major internal airline has flights to most of the provincial capitals major cities and tourist destinations - but not all of them. Schedules change regularly foreigners pay several times more than Mongolians for tickets and there's no computerised reservation system so you can't buy a return ticket at the same place you purchase an outgoing one. Buses are an increasingly popular way of travelling around the country but services are still limited the buses old and the journeys uncomfortable and slow. Also bus drivers are occasionally drunk and breakdowns can be expected on all long distance trips. Bus routes start and end in Ulaan Bataar and no buses travel around western Mongolia. Slightly more expensive minibuses that travel between popular spots are quicker and more comfortable. Mongolia's 1750km (1090mi) railway is made up of a north-south line which is part of the Trans-Mongolian Railway connecting China with Russia. Taxis are only useful along paved roads - ie not that useful since only 1200km (744mi) of road out of a total of 47 000km (29 150mi) are paved. Jeeps are an important form of transport on the unpaved majority and mandatory when visiting remote attractions. Jeeps tend to be slow and mechanically fragile. Usually they come with a driver and/or guide and if it's a public jeep with other passengers. Travelling around in your own jeep is not a good idea though you can drive with an international driving license. Be aware that petrol can be hard to find; accidents unfortunately are not. ________Getting There Edit This photo Here are a few options to reach Mongolia. Contributors April 27, 2005 change by giorgio [Add Global transport mode] By rail Edit This Ulan Bator is linked to Russia and China by the Trans-Mongolian Railway. An express train runs once a week between Moscow Ulan Bator and Beijing. Trains on international routes have sleeping and restaurant cars. There are also two other weekly trains from Ulan Bator to Beijing as well as one to Moscow. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] By road Edit This There are several international road links; the principal route is via Irkutsk (East Siberia) to Ulan Bator. type: general World66 rating: [rate it] Mongolian Airlines Edit This Mongolia's national airline MIAT - Mongolian Airlines (OM) operates flights to Ulan Bator from Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo and Seoul. The approx. flight time to the capital is from London is 14 hours including stopovers. International airports you can find only at Ulan Bator (ULN) (Buyant Ukhaa) is 15km (9 miles) from the city. Buses run to the city centre (travel time - 30 minutes). Taxis are also available (travel time - 15 minutes). Departure tax is about US$12. type: By Air World66 rating: [rate it] url: www.miat.com By train beijing to ulanbattor Edit This Ulan Bator is linked to Russia and China by the Trans-Mongolian Railway. An express train runs once a week between Moscow Ulan Bator and Beijing. Trains on international routes have sleeping and restaurant cars. There are also two other weekly trains from Ulan Bator to Beijing as well as one to Moscow. type: By Air World66 rating: [rate it] url: None address: None tel: None email: None T.J. Murphy Edit This From Oklac to Mongola type: By Air World66 rating: [rate it] address: edmond oikla email: ihcboneyard2hotmail.com __________Economy Edit This Economy—overview: The government has embraced free-market economics freezing spending easing price controls liberalizing domestic and international trade. Mongolia's severe climate scattered population and wide expanses of unproductive land however have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP but disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91. The mining and processing of coal copper molybdenum tin tungsten and gold account for a large part of industrial production. The Mongolian leadership has been soliciting support from foreign donors who pledged some $250 million in aid in October 1997. Economic growth picked up in 1997 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. _________Religion Edit This Mongolians have been Buddhists since the 13th century, when the Mongolian king, Genghis khan, was converted by Tibetan lamas. In the pre-revolutionary period, Mongolia was ruled by a series of Living Buddhas, or Jebtzun Damba. The eighth, and last, Jebtzun Damba was removed after the communist takeover. Traditionally, monasteries were centres both of learning and of power. It's estimated Mongolia had 100,000 monks, in 1921 -- one third of the male population. In the 1930s, this power became the focus of a ruthless series of purges that reached a climax in 1937. Most of the country's monasteries were destroyed, and as many as 17,000 monks were killed. by today Mongolia is once again embracing its Buddhist heritage. Monasteries are being restored, and are once again crowded with worshippers. The Dalai Lama is an enormously popular figure and has visited the country several times. For many Mongolians, Buddhism is flavoured with traces of Shamanism, an even more ancient spirituality. Mongolia also has a significant Muslim community -- about 6 per cent of the population. These are mostly ethnic Kazakhs living in the far west of the country. The opening-up of the country has led to an influx of Christian missionaries, and this remains a source of some tension and debate. ________Politics Edit This Seven decades of communist rule in Mongolia began to crumble in 1990, when the collapse of the old Eastern Bloc brought the first pro-democracy demonstrations. The ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, which had already initiated a Mongolian version of glasnost, permitted the nation's first multiparty elections in July, 1990. Superior organization helped the MPRP win both the 1990 and 1992 elections (taking 71 of 76 parliamentary seats in the latter), but reform picked up speed. In 1992, the country adopted a new Constitution that enshrined human rights, private ownership and a state structure based on separation of power between legislative and judicial branches. In the June 1996 election, major opposition groups united to form the Democratic Coalition, made up of the National Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Believers' Party and the Green Party. Somewhat to its own surprise, the Coalition won a healthy 50 of 76 seats in the State Ikh Hural, or parliament. The composition of the Hural is now: National Democrats 35, Social Democrats 15, MPRP 25, Mongolian Traditional United Party 1. In addition to their economic reforms, the Democrats have carried out radical restructuring of government, slashing the number of Ministries from 14 to 9. The government has a healthy majority, but tensions sometimes emerge between the coalition partners. Mongolia's transition to democracy has been remarkably peaceful, and the young democracy is robust - there are now more than 20 political parties in the country. But economic hardship has caused resentments. In the 1997 Presidential election, voters elected N. Bagabandi, the candidate of the MPRP. In the fall of 1997, the government had to face demonstrations from students and pensioners and an opposition campaign that led to a confidence vote in parliament -- a vote the government easily survived. Political structure Mongolia has a parliamentary system of government, with a 76-seat legislature called the State Ikh Hural. The President, directly elected for a four-year term, is second in authority to the legislature, but he appoints judges and has the power of veto (which can be overturned by a 2/3 vote in parliament). Courtesy of UN Mongolia _________Geography & Population Edit This With an area of more than 1.5 million square kilometres and a population of 2.38 million as of October 1997, Mongolia has a population density of only 1.5 people per square kilometre, one of the lowest in the world. The country has a relatively low growth rate of 1.6 per cent (1995), down from 2.5 per cent in 1989. At this rate, Mongolia's population will reach 2.5 million by the year 2000. Despite the popular image of Mongolians as nomadic herders, it is an increasingly urbanized country -- 51.9 per cent of the population is urban, 48.1 per cent rural. More than one quarter of Mongolians live in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. The other major urban centres are Darhan (pop. 90,000) and Erdenet (pop.65,000). The country is divided into 21 aimags (provinces), plus the autonomous capital region. The aimags are: In the centre: Tov, Ovorhangai, Arhangai In the north: Bulgan, Selenge, Hovsgol, Zavhan, Darhan-Uul, Orhon In the east: Hentii, Dornod, Suhbaatar In the west: Hovd, Uvs, Bayan-Olgii, Gov-Altai In the south: Dundgov, Dornogov, Omnogov, Bayanhongor, Gobisumber Environment—current issues Limited natural fresh water resources; policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification; mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment. _________People Edit This Curious Mongolian kid Curious Mongolian kid Bas Knibbe Population: 2 578 530 (July 1998 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 37% (male 483 795; female 468 700) 15-64 years: 59% (male 764 665; female 764 825) 65 years and over: 4% (male 41 488; female 55 057) (July 1998 est.) Population growth rate: 1.54% (1998 est.) Birth rate: 23.56 births/1 000 population (1998 est.) Death rate: 8.19 deaths/1 000 population (1998 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1 000 population (1998 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female (1998 est.) Infant mortality rate: 66.34 deaths/1 000 live births (1998 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.46 years male: 59.4 years female: 63.61 years (1998 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.75 children born/woman (1998 est.) Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian Ethnic groups: Mongol 90% Kazakh 4% Chinese 2% Russian 2% other 2% Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of communist regime Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90% Turkic Russian Chinese Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 82.9% male: 88.6% female: 77.2% (1988 est.) ___________Festivals Edit This mongolia wrestling mongolia wrestling michel setboun Mongolian National Sports - The Naadam Wrestling, archery and horse-racing are the Three Games of Men, which are rooted in antiquity and continue to be very popular among the Mongols today. Mongolian Wrestling Wrestling is the most national and popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags of the country take part in the national wrestling competition. There are no weight categories or age limits. Each wrestler has his own attendant herald. The aim of the sport is to knock one's opponent off balance and throw him down, making him touch the ground with his elbow and knee. The winners are honoured with ancient titles: the winner of the fifth round gets an honorary title of nachin (falcon), of the seventh and eighth rounds zaan (elephant), and of the tenth and eleventh rounds arslan (lion). The wrestler who twice absolute champion is awarded the title ofavarga (Titan). Every subsequent victory at the national Naadam-festival will add an epithet to his avarga title, like "Invicible Titan", "Invincible Titan to be remembered by all" etc. From in 2003 the Mongolian parliament adopted a new law on Naadam, making amendments to some of the wrestling titles. The titles of Garudi and Hartsaga (Hawk) were added to the existing above-mentioned titles. Horse-Racing Horse-racing is an important part of Naadam. This sport is also centuries old, dating back to the Bronze Age. Horses are divided into five groups: 2,4 and 5 years old, over five years old and stallions. The riders are aged from 5 to 12. Mongolian children are excellent riders as both girls and boys ride from infancy. As the popular saying goes "The nomad is born in the saddle". Competitions are not held on special racetracks, but instead freely right across the steppe, where riders are confronted with various obstacles like rivers, ravines and hills. The distance varies according to the ages of horses, between 15 and 35 km. The winners do a full circuit of the stadium, each accompanied by a herald. The winning horse receives the honorary title "Forehead of Ten Thousand Race Horse" and the five runners-up are awarded with medals. Interestingly enough, the loser is also rewarded and honoured. Archery Archery. Ample information about archery can be found in literary and historical documents of the 13th century and even before. According to historians, archery contests began in the 11 th century.The Mongols use a compound bow, built up of layers of horn, sinew, bark and wood. When unstrung, it is not straight, but curved. All archers adopt the same stance and posture. The target consists of a row several meters across, of small woven leather rings, some painted red, which are laid out laterally on the ground. The openings face upward, providing a challenging exercise in trajectory for the archers. The distance is about 75 meters for men and 60 for women; men shoot 40 arrows and must score not less than 15 points, women shoot 20 arrows to score at least 13 points using the same bow as the men. The one who scores the most points is the winner and the title of Mergen (Supermarksman) is bestowed on him or her. ::::::::::Arkhangai Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see photo The westernmost of Mongolia's three central aimags, Arkhangai is a region of stunning natural scenery. Sitting on the northern edge of the Khangai Nuruu range, the aimag is hilly and heavily forested, lined with rivers and dotted with pristine meadows. The chief attraction of Arkhangai is Terkhin Tsagaan Nuur, 'The Great White Lake' nestled amongst hills and ancient volcanic terrain in the west of the region. Smaller than the more famous Lake Khovsgol further north, it is also less developed overall, with the tourist industry limited to a few small ger camps. A prime area for hiking and horseback-riding, the lake is also a fine spot for fishing and swimming (although the water is usually cold!). For those looking for whitewater, river Chuluut river provides a few level III rapids and a serene atmosphere. The capital of the aimag is Tsetserleg, which is notably more attractive than most Mongolian cities thanks to the terrain. While it offers little reason to stay around, the town makes for a good place to break up a journey, with a couple monasteries and an expat-run restaurant and hostel. Towards Ovorkhangai and Bulgan aimags in the east lie the ruins of the Turkic fortress Khar Balgas, as well as the tranquil Ogii Nuur, a lake famous for its birdlife and fishing. ::::::::Darkhan Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see nice weather as always nice weather as always ganbat.S Darkhan itself is not a prime attraction. It's a pretty normal mining town with hardly anything special. The ciy is located some 200 km northwest from Ulaanbaatar and is connected to the capital by daily busses and frequent express trains. However there are two monasteries that can be visited from here, but it involves some traveling. The small Haragiin Khid is nearby, the much more interesting Amarbayasgalant Khid. Getting there is half the fun and Darkhan is the place to arrange your jeep, guide and/or driver. The trip takes you past rivers and through forest, if things go your way you may make it in two days. If they don't, who can tell. :::::::Erdenet Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Erdenet City Erdenet City Brian Hogan Erdenet is Mongolia's third largest city (after Ulaanbaatar and Darhan), but also its smallest, since there are only three designated cities. This is a city built by copper ore. A discovery of Asia's richest copper deposit led to the almost overnight building and population of Erdenet, also known as "Bresnev's Gift" by the Mongols. In Mongolian Erdenet means "precious treasure". It is set in a really lovely valley with wooded hills on each side. There is not much here for the tourist. The Selenge Hotel is the most dependable in town. Recently all the others were closed for ilicit trade violations, though they may be reopened by now. There is a good museum above the old theatre, and the copper mine has its own museum in the Culture Palace on the square. Erdenet boast one of Mongolia's rare public indoor Olympic sized swimming pools which has a very nice sauna downstairs that you may be able to talk your way into. This is a compact city for a population of 70,000, and it is fun to shop the main street shops and the open air market south of town. Erdenet is also a hotbed of Mongolia's Christian movement. A church that was started here in the early 1990's has become a mother of churches all over Mongolia and beyond. Mongolian Christian ambassadors are trained in Erdenet and go out all over their former empire. GETTING THERE Train tickets for the overnight train to Erdenet (stops in Darhan) are available at the main station in Ulaanbaatar. Driving there is also an option now that there is a good road the whole way. Erdenet is the jumping off point for trips overland to Lake Hobsgol and Moron and beyond. ____________Getting Around Edit This Taxi and Bus There are official marked taxis and casual taxis. Any car may function as a taxi. Just extend your arm toward the street and wiggle your hand. You can direct them by pointing and you pay by the kilometer, not by time elapsed. Be sure to check the going rate from someone with nothing to gain. Buses run reglarly between the train station and city center, but within Erdenet itself no vehicular transportation is necessary. You can walk across the entire city in 20 minutes at a brisk pace. _________Things to do Edit This Swimming Pool, Sauna, and Gym Erdenet has a large public pool and other sport facilities housed in the huge Sport Complex across the main street from the city square and government building. ::::::::::Karakorum Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Ovoo and the distant Erdene Zuu complex, Kharkhorin Ovoo and the distant Erdene Zuu complex, Kharkhorin Matt Haswell It may not look like much upon most visitors' arrival, but this was once the center of the Mongol world. Now a small provincial town of Soviet-style apartment blocks, light industry and numerous extended ger suburbs, modern Kharkhorin (Karakorum) hides its former glory well. The centerpiece of its current incarnation is the sprawling Erdene Zuu Khiid monastic complex. Itself a shadow of its former self as a result of the 1930s purges (when all but three temples were razed to the ground), the monastery still serves as Mongolia's most important religious center. Since Communism's collapse, reconstruction efforts have continued apace to restore many of the destroyed structures. Although it remains a work in progress, there is still plenty to recommend it as a prime cultural stop. The old capital of Karakorum sat in a vast plain just east of where Erdene Zuu now stands. Completely destroyed by the Manchurians in the late 14th century, it was later incorporated piecemeal into the monastery. Neglect and the passing of time account for its remnants now lying mostly below ground. Some archaeological digs have begun in an attempt to unearth the site, but so far little progress has been made. For now, it takes a bit of imagination (and even knowledge of contemporary accounts of the ancient city) to envision how it was. Two turtle rocks sit on opposing sides of the monastery, one within easy walking distance and the other a distance off, in the hills above. Carved to mark the boundaries of the monastery, there originally were four, but the other two have been lost. Not far from the second turtle lies a phallic rock, serving the dual purpose of a fertility aid and a cure for kidney ailments. Somewhat infamous among visitors, it is marked by a rather comical road sign that sees more than its fair share of photographs. In the hills southwest of Kharkhorin stands the Great Imperial Map Monument, a three-walled display of the old imperial Hunnu, Turkic and Mongol periods. While the maps are interesting, the views over the town and a scenic valley on the opposite side are arguably more impressive. ::::::::::Khovd Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Aerial View of Khovd Aerial View of Khovd Khovd is the biggest city in Western Mongolia and 1425 km far away from the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. The flight takes 1 hour 45 minutes. The journey from Ulaanbaatar to Khovd by car will be taken in 3-4 days. It (48°00N, 91°38E) is situated at the foot of the Mongolia Altai Mountains, in the valley of the Buyant Gol River. The city has a population of 35000. There are sixteen distinct ethnic groups living in Khovd province--each with their own distinctive literary, cultural, artistic, and musical traditions. The Khalkh, Zakhchin, Torgood, Oeld, Durved, Myangad, Uriankhai, Monchog and Kazakh. Khovd is known throughout the region for its watermelon harvest in the late summer, as well as the high quality of its seasonal meat products. T he stunning beauty of the magnificent Mongolia Altai Mountains region of Western Mongolia offers a variety of possibilities for hiking, walking, trekking, cycling, mountain biking, mountain climbing, whitewater rafting, canoeing, kayaking, wildlife encounter-photography, bird-watching and horseback riding. The permanently snow-capped peaks with glaciers and picturesque valleys, the rugged rocks, the sparkling fresh water lakes and crystal clear rivers so pure that you can drink from them. Altai Mountain is one of the last true wilderness areas of Asia, remote, fascinating and undiscovered. The Altai Mountain offers a remarkable experience for active adventure lovers. Trip highlights is the magnificent Altai Mountain region with a visit to a Kazakhs family, Mongolia’s largest ethnic minority. Kazakhs have a unique and extraordinary tradition in training Golden Eagles to hunt small prey. The Khar Us Nuur (Black Water Lake) is located in the center great lakes basin approximately 25 km east of Khovd, and is Mongolian second largest and fresh water lake. That's why it is an important point for migrating birds. The lake is a best place to watching birdlife. You can count up to 300 different species of water and wetland birds including Dalmatian Pelicans, Relict Gulls, Black Stock, Bar-Headed Goose, Eurasian or White Spoonful, Great White Egret. Khar Us Lake National Park was established in 1997 on WWF recommendation. The best time to visit and watching birdlife to the lake is in late of March, April, May, late August, September and October. ::::::::: Khovsgol Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see The Khovsgol region has become one of Mongolia's most popular areas for tourism, thanks largely to the celebrated beauty of its long alpine lake. A sort of kid sibling to Lake Baikal across the border in Russia, Lake Khovsgol is Mongolia's deepest body of water. A small, but growing tourist industry has developed along its shoreline, providing plenty of opportunities for hiking, horseback riding, birdwatching and even swimming in the often chilly waters. Three distinct minority ethnic groups also live in the area, and their shamanist practices show a marked difference to the predominantly Buddhist character of Mongolia. The northern reaches of the region are home to the Durkha people, known for their reindeer-herding. Although the capital and main city of the region is Moron, most access to the lake is through Khatgal, which lies at its southernmost point. :::::::Moron Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see A ramshackle aimag capital in Mongolia's northern Khovsgol region, Moron would be insignificant were it not for its proximity to Khovsgol Nuur - Mongolia's second largest lake. That said, few tour groups do more than drive through the city. Apart from a museum, a monastery and a rather rough market, there is little to detain the visitor. :::::::Terelj Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Turtle Rock Turtle Rock BL Christ Terelj is a wonderful area to visit and relax. In the area, there is the UB II Hotel, and also several Ger camps to stay for the day or longer. Activities such as hiking, horse and camel rides are also available. :::::::::Ulaanbaatar Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see musiem musiem Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator) is the capital city of Mongolia. The name means Red Hero in the Mongolian language. At 1,350 meters above sea level, almost 5000 feet, Ulaanbaatar sits in a basin surrounded by four mountains: Bogdh Khan, Songino Khairkhan, Chingeltei and Bayanzurkh. These mountains are part of the beautiful and pristine Khan Khentii mountain range. Ulaanbaatar's climate is sharply continental and experiences great extremes. Temperatures fluctuate between +38 degrees C in summer and -49 degrees C in winter. One third of the entire population of Mongolia lives in the capital, approx. around 1 million. High rise apartments, crowded suburbs, chaotic traffic are in stark contrast to the quiet, simple life of the countryside. In Ulaan Baatar you can find western standard hotels, a variety of restaurants, good art and history museums and a friendly and open populace. :::::::: Ulaangom Travel Guide Edit This The best resource for sights, hotels, restaurants, bars, what to do and see Mountians near Ulaangom Mountians near Ulaangom BL Christ Ulaangom is the central soum for the UVS aimag. Located at the base of Hackura (sp) mountians, it has a wild west feel to it as many contryside town have. Areo Mongolia has flights from Ulaanbaatar. North of Ulaangom are UVS Nuur (Mongolia's largest lake, Uureg Nuur, and the soums of Davst, Tes, Borshoo and many other small countryside towns. The area to the east of UVS Nuur is desert with dunes! To the West are the snow capped mountians of the Altai Mountian Range. Quite an interesting area of Mongolia not to be missed. |
| Questo articolo è rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia Cronologia/Autori: http://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolia&action=history MongoliaDa Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.
La Mongolia (mongolo: Монгол Улс) è uno stato dell'Asia, confinante a nord con la Russia e a sud con la Cina. Non ha accesso al mare. Centro dell'Impero mongolo del XIII secolo, fu dominata dalla Dinastia Qing cinese dalla fine dal 1691 fino al XX secolo, quando - il 11 luglio 1921 - un governo indipendente fu formato con l'aiuto della Russia. Con l'indipendenza si instaurò un regime comunista filo sovietico che terminò con il dissolvimento dell'URSS. La Mongolia è una democrazia dal 1992. Solo una piccola percentuale del terreno è utilizzabile per scopi agricoli: per la maggior parte, infatti, il territorio è costituito da una prateria circondata dalle montagne del nord e dal deserto di Gobi a sud. La parte prevalente della popolazione è composta da nomadi di etnia mongola. In Mongolia vivono anche gli Tsaatan, un antichissimo popolo nomade oggi a rischio di estinzione.
[modifica] GeografiaIl territorio della Mongolia è principalmente coperto dalla steppa e a sud dall'enorme deserto del Gobi, dove vivono ancora i pastori di pecore, capre, cavalli e cammelli. L'unica città importante è Ulaanbaatar (la capitale), dove vive la maggior parte della popolazione. Il clima è continentale con estati calde ed inverni rigidi in cui le temperature possono toccare i -50°C.
[modifica] Laghi della Mongolia
Una veduta del lago Hovsgol
[modifica] StoriaLe varie tribù ed etnie del paese furono unificate nel XIII secolo da Gengis Khan, che creò un impero poi potenziato dai successori Ögödei, Güyük, Möngke e Khubilai. Il declino dell'impero mongolo iniziò nel 1386 con la perdita della Cina. Nel XVI secolo, sotto Altan Khan, i mongoli si convertirono al buddismo tibetano; un secolo più tardi la dominazione dei Manciuri trasformò il paese in due province della Cina, la Mongolia interiore ed esteriore. Dopo l'invasione russa della fine del XVII secolo il paese perse la sua parte settentrionale ed il lago Bajkal. L'indipendenza della Mongolia esterna fu dichiarata nel 1921 dopo una rivoluzione guidata da Sukhbaatar, ma il governo autonomo della nuova Repubblica Popolare non ebbe inizio che nel 1924, col sostegno dell'URSS. Durante la Seconda Guerra mondiale i Sovietici difesero la Mongolia dal Giappone ed il 20 ottobre 1945, per referendum, i mongoli votarono per l'indipendenza. La Repubblica popolare mongola fu riconosciuta dalla Repubblica di Cina e dalla Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Il paese iniziò allora un ulteriore avvicinamento ai Sovietici dopo il 1958 ed ha ospitato molte basi URSS durante la Guerra fredda. L'adesione all'ONU del paese avvenne nel 1961. Nel 1990 il Partito comunista ha cessato di controllare direttamente il governo e si è venuto a creare una repubblica ibrida in cui coesistono elementi del sistema parlamentare e presidenziale. [modifica] PoliticaFin al 27 giugno 2004 il principale partito del paese era l'ex comunista Partito Rivoluzionario del Popolo Mongolo, formato dai leader comunisti del paese dopo la fine della Guerra fredda. All'opposizione c'era il Partito Democratico, che ha governato da 1996 al 2000. Fino al 2004 il potere è poi tornato alla formazione comunista, che da quell'anno lo ha dovuto condividere in una coalizione, la Coalizione Democratica della Terra Madre. In Mongolia è in vigore un sistema parlamentare con un presidente dal ruolo simbolico. Il potere legislativo è attribuito alla Grande Khural di Stato. [modifica] ProvinceMongolia è divisa in 21 province (aimag), Ulaanbaatar (la capitale) è una municipalità con lo status di provincia. Le aimag sono a loro volta divise in sum.
[modifica] EconomiaL'economia della Mongolia si basa principalmente sullo sfruttamento di risorse naturali come il petrolio, il carbone minerale ed il rame, ma anche dello sfruttamento minerario del molibdeno, tungsteno e fosfato. Dopo decenni di totale controllo governativo, l'economia del paese ha subito una difficile transizione al capitalismo. Oggi esistono nel paese più di 10.000 imprese private, stabilite per lo più nella capitale. Fuori dai grandi centri abitati la popolazione si dedica per lo più ad attività di sussistenza come la pastorizia. Il PIL pro Capite è di circa 1.780 dollari e, come il PIL, si mantiene in crescita stabile dal 2002. Un problema del paese è il forte deficit commerciale. L'enorme debito con la Russia (originariamente di 11 miliardi di dollari) fu pagato nel 2004, dopo che fu fissato a 300 milioni di dollari per ricompensa delle difficoltà e sofferenze subite dalla Mongolia durante gli anni di influenza sovietica. La Mongolia ha aderito all'Organizzazione mondiale del Commercio nel 1997 ed esporta oggi cachemire, minerali e prodotti per l'alimentazione principalmente verso Russia, Stati Uniti, Cina, Giappone e Italia.
[modifica] DemografiaLa maggioranza dei cittadini del paese è di etnia mongola, ma ci sono minoranze di kazaki e tungusi. La religione principale è il buddismo tibetano. La popolazione della Mongolia ha un'età media piuttosto bassa e con un tasso di crescita elevato. [modifica] Altri progetti[modifica] Collegamenti esterni |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
